40 كلمة تتعلمها قبل قراءة «فن الحرب»
The Art of War
40 كلمة يكررها صن تزو في «فن الحرب»، وليست بين أكثر 4000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية. تعلّمها أولًا تصبح الفصول الأولى أسهل بكثير. لكل كلمة نطقها ومعناها وجملة من الكتاب.
spy/ˈspaɪ/جاسوس59 مرة في الكتاب
[Chang Yu relates the following anecdote of Kao Tsu, the first Han Emperor: “Wishing to crush the Hsiung-nu, he sent out spies to report on their condition.
retreat/ɹiˈtɹit/تراجع، انسحاب35 مرة في الكتاب
(1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey.
commentator/ˈkɑmənˌteɪtɝ/معلق32 مرة في الكتاب
[The commentators, I think, make an unnecessary mystery of two words here.
rear/ˈɹɪɹ/خلفي26 مرة في الكتاب
… one to meet the enemy in front, and one to fall upon his rear; if he replies to the frontal attack …
conquer/ˈkɑŋkɝ/قهر، انتصر21 مرة في الكتاب
The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer:—let such a one be retained in command!
chariot/ˈtʃɛɹiət/عربة20 مرة في الكتاب
Sun Tzŭ said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers,
disposition/ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃən/ترتيب، توزيع19 مرة في الكتاب
Tu Mu says: "It is through the dispositions of an army that its condition may be discovered.
sovereign/ˈsɑvɹən/عاهل، ملك17 مرة في الكتاب
(1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?
adversary/ˈædvɝˌsɛɹi/خصم، مقاوم، مخالف17 مرة في الكتاب
… quoted by Tu Yu, says that the good tactician plays with his adversary as a cat plays with a mouse, first feigning weakness and immobility …
drum/ˈdɹəm/طبل17 مرة في الكتاب
… suddenly struck his colors, stopped the beating of the drums, and flung open the city gates …
warfare/ˈwɔɹˌfɛɹ/حرب، قتال16 مرة في الكتاب
… "while the main laws of strategy can be stated clearly enough for the benefit of all and sundry, you must be guided by the actions of the enemy in attempting to secure a favourable position in actual warfare."
calculation/ˌkæɫkjəˈɫeɪʃən/حسب، محاسبة16 مرة في الكتاب
… commanding the cavalry, went to the Duke of Wellington in order to learn what his plans and calculations were for the morrow, because …
afterwards/ˈæftɝwɝdz/أخير، بعد ذلك15 مرة في الكتاب
Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.
defence/dɪˈfɛns/دفاع، حماية، صيانة14 مرة في الكتاب
[The "swift chariots" were lightly built and, according to Chang Yu, used for the attack; the "heavy chariots" were heavier, and designed for purposes of defence.
chap/ˈtʃæp/شاب، رجل14 مرة في الكتاب
["Chang Yu says: "the establishment of harmony and confidence between the higher and lower ranks before venturing into the field;" and he quotes a saying of Wu Tzŭ (chap.
ruler/ˈɹuɫɝ/حاكم14 مرة في الكتاب
One might be tempted to render it by "morale," were it not considered as an attribute of the ruler in § 13.]
hostile/ˈhɑstəɫ/معادي14 مرة في الكتاب
… and he wins no reputation for wisdom; inasmuch as the hostile state submits before there has been any bloodshed, he receives no credit for courage."]
favourableمواتية13 مرة في الكتاب
According as circumstances are favourable, one should modify one’s plans.
amongst/əˈməŋst/بين، وسط13 مرة في الكتاب
… or provisions are too scanty, or the defenders are variance amongst themselves."]
crush/ˈkɹəʃ/سحق13 مرة في الكتاب
Feign disorder, and crush him.
supra/ˈsupɹə/أعلاه12 مرة في الكتاب
See supra II.
indirect/ˌɪndɝˈɛkt/غير مباشر12 مرة في الكتاب
To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy’s attack and remain unshaken—this is effected by manœuvers direct and indirect.
kingdom/ˈkɪŋdəm/مملكة، ملك11 مرة في الكتاب
Therefore the skilful leader subdues the enemy’s troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.
skilfulماهر10 مرة في الكتاب
The skilful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-waggons loaded more than twice.
encamp/ɪnˈkæmp/مخيم10 مرة في الكتاب
if well supplied with food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.
ambush/ˈæmˌbʊʃ/كمين10 مرة في الكتاب
Then, as night began to fall, he placed a strong body of archers in ambush near by, with orders to shoot directly if they saw a light.
stat/ˈstæt/دولة10 مرة في الكتاب
We must not forget that Sun Tzŭ, in speaking of hostilities, always has in mind the numerous states or principalities into which the China of his day was split up.]
marsh/ˈmɑɹʃ/نعصة، مستنقع10 مرة في الكتاب
We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country—its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.
keen/ˈkin/حريص، راغب10 مرة في الكتاب
… they must be used as rewards, so that all your men may have a keen desire to fight, each on his own account."]
penetrate/ˈpɛnəˌtɹeɪt/اخترق10 مرة في الكتاب
… that the Chinese have succeeded in carrying out some of their most memorable and triumphant expeditions, such as that of Pan Ch’ao who penetrated to the Caspian, and in more recent years …
banner/ˈbænɝ/راية، علم، لواء10 مرة في الكتاب
Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and flags.
invade/ˌɪnˈveɪd/غزا، اجتاح10 مرة في الكتاب
[Tu Mu says: "If the enemy is the invading party, we can cut his line of communications and occupy the roads by which he will have to return …
stratagem/ˈstɹætədʒəm/مكيدة9 مرة في الكتاب
… which implies not an attitude of defence, whereby one might be content to foil the enemy’s stratagems one after another, but an active policy of counter-attack.
plunder/ˈpɫəndɝ/سلب، نهب، حرب9 مرة في الكتاب
In raiding and plundering be like fire,
hem/ˈhɛm/محاصر9 مرة في الكتاب
The latter was obliged to draw off his troops, only to find himself hemmed in between two enemies, who were guarding each outlet of a narrow pass in which he had engaged himself.
dynasty/ˈdaɪnəsti/سلالة9 مرة في الكتاب
The classical instance is Wu Wang, who after having put an end to the Yin dynasty was acclaimed "Father and mother of the people."]
envoy/ˈɑnvɔɪ/مبعوث، وزير مفوض، رسول9 مرة في الكتاب
This done, envoys were dispatched to the enemy’s camp to arrange terms of surrender, whereupon the Yen army began shouting for joy.
clever/ˈkɫɛvɝ/ذكي9 مرة في الكتاب
Ho Shih says: "Haste may be stupid, but at any rate it saves expenditure of energy and treasure; protracted operations may be very clever, but they bring calamity in their train."
exhaust/ɪɡˈzɔst/استهلك، استنفد9 مرة في الكتاب
If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength.
rapidity/ɹəˈpɪdəti/سرعة8 مرة في الكتاب
Ts’ao Kung, Li Ch’uan, Meng Shih, Tu Yu, Tu Mu and Mei Yao-ch’en have notes to the effect that a general, though naturally stupid, may nevertheless conquer through sheer force of rapidity.
المعاني: English Wiktionary via kaikki.org, English to Arabic (CC-BY-SA) النطق: ipa-dict (MIT)، من ويكاموس.
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