The Art of War: 40 palavras para aprender antes de ler
As 40 palavras que Sun Tzu repete muitas vezes em «The Art of War» e que ficam fora das 4 mil mais comuns do inglês. Aprenda antes e os primeiros capítulos ficam bem mais fáceis. Cada uma vem com a pronúncia, a tradução e uma frase do livro.
spy/ˈspaɪ/espião59 vezes no livro
[Chang Yu relates the following anecdote of Kao Tsu, the first Han Emperor: “Wishing to crush the Hsiung-nu, he sent out spies to report on their condition.
retreat/ɹiˈtɹit/retirar-se, retirar35 vezes no livro
(1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey.
commentator/ˈkɑmənˌteɪtɝ/comentarista32 vezes no livro
[The commentators, I think, make an unnecessary mystery of two words here.
rear/ˈɹɪɹ/retaguarda, zaga26 vezes no livro
… one to meet the enemy in front, and one to fall upon his rear; if he replies to the frontal attack …
conquer/ˈkɑŋkɝ/conquistar21 vezes no livro
The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer:—let such a one be retained in command!
chariot/ˈtʃɛɹiət/biga20 vezes no livro
Sun Tzŭ said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers,
disposition/ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃən/disposições19 vezes no livro
Tu Mu says: "It is through the dispositions of an army that its condition may be discovered.
sovereign/ˈsɑvɹən/soberano17 vezes no livro
(1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?
adversary/ˈædvɝˌsɛɹi/adversário, adversária17 vezes no livro
… quoted by Tu Yu, says that the good tactician plays with his adversary as a cat plays with a mouse, first feigning weakness and immobility …
drum/ˈdɹəm/tambor17 vezes no livro
… suddenly struck his colors, stopped the beating of the drums, and flung open the city gates …
warfare/ˈwɔɹˌfɛɹ/guerra16 vezes no livro
… "while the main laws of strategy can be stated clearly enough for the benefit of all and sundry, you must be guided by the actions of the enemy in attempting to secure a favourable position in actual warfare."
calculation/ˌkæɫkjəˈɫeɪʃən/cálculo16 vezes no livro
… commanding the cavalry, went to the Duke of Wellington in order to learn what his plans and calculations were for the morrow, because …
afterwards/ˈæftɝwɝdz/depois, em seguida, mais tarde15 vezes no livro
Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.
defence/dɪˈfɛns/defesa14 vezes no livro
[The "swift chariots" were lightly built and, according to Chang Yu, used for the attack; the "heavy chariots" were heavier, and designed for purposes of defence.
chap/ˈtʃæp/cara, cabra, camarada14 vezes no livro
["Chang Yu says: "the establishment of harmony and confidence between the higher and lower ranks before venturing into the field;" and he quotes a saying of Wu Tzŭ (chap.
ruler/ˈɹuɫɝ/governante14 vezes no livro
One might be tempted to render it by "morale," were it not considered as an attribute of the ruler in § 13.]
hostile/ˈhɑstəɫ/hostil14 vezes no livro
… and he wins no reputation for wisdom; inasmuch as the hostile state submits before there has been any bloodshed, he receives no credit for courage."]
favourablefavorável13 vezes no livro
According as circumstances are favourable, one should modify one’s plans.
amongst/əˈməŋst/entre, juntamente com13 vezes no livro
… or provisions are too scanty, or the defenders are variance amongst themselves."]
crush/ˈkɹəʃ/esmagar13 vezes no livro
Feign disorder, and crush him.
supra/ˈsupɹə/acima12 vezes no livro
See supra II.
indirect/ˌɪndɝˈɛkt/indireto12 vezes no livro
To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy’s attack and remain unshaken—this is effected by manœuvers direct and indirect.
kingdom/ˈkɪŋdəm/reino11 vezes no livro
Therefore the skilful leader subdues the enemy’s troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.
skilfulhábil10 vezes no livro
The skilful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-waggons loaded more than twice.
encamp/ɪnˈkæmp/acampado10 vezes no livro
if well supplied with food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.
ambush/ˈæmˌbʊʃ/emboscada, tocaia10 vezes no livro
Then, as night began to fall, he placed a strong body of archers in ambush near by, with orders to shoot directly if they saw a light.
stat/ˈstæt/estados10 vezes no livro
We must not forget that Sun Tzŭ, in speaking of hostilities, always has in mind the numerous states or principalities into which the China of his day was split up.]
marsh/ˈmɑɹʃ/pântano, marisma, alverca10 vezes no livro
We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country—its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.
keen/ˈkin/grande10 vezes no livro
… they must be used as rewards, so that all your men may have a keen desire to fight, each on his own account."]
penetrate/ˈpɛnəˌtɹeɪt/penetrar10 vezes no livro
… that the Chinese have succeeded in carrying out some of their most memorable and triumphant expeditions, such as that of Pan Ch’ao who penetrated to the Caspian, and in more recent years …
banner/ˈbænɝ/bandeira, estandarte10 vezes no livro
Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and flags.
invade/ˌɪnˈveɪd/invadir10 vezes no livro
[Tu Mu says: "If the enemy is the invading party, we can cut his line of communications and occupy the roads by which he will have to return …
stratagem/ˈstɹætədʒəm/estratagema, maquinação9 vezes no livro
… which implies not an attitude of defence, whereby one might be content to foil the enemy’s stratagems one after another, but an active policy of counter-attack.
plunder/ˈpɫəndɝ/saquear, pilhar9 vezes no livro
In raiding and plundering be like fire,
hem/ˈhɛm/cercar9 vezes no livro
The latter was obliged to draw off his troops, only to find himself hemmed in between two enemies, who were guarding each outlet of a narrow pass in which he had engaged himself.
dynasty/ˈdaɪnəsti/dinastia9 vezes no livro
The classical instance is Wu Wang, who after having put an end to the Yin dynasty was acclaimed "Father and mother of the people."]
envoy/ˈɑnvɔɪ/enviado9 vezes no livro
This done, envoys were dispatched to the enemy’s camp to arrange terms of surrender, whereupon the Yen army began shouting for joy.
clever/ˈkɫɛvɝ/esperto, engenhoso, hábil9 vezes no livro
Ho Shih says: "Haste may be stupid, but at any rate it saves expenditure of energy and treasure; protracted operations may be very clever, but they bring calamity in their train."
exhaust/ɪɡˈzɔst/exaurir, esgotar9 vezes no livro
If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength.
rapidity/ɹəˈpɪdəti/rapidez8 vezes no livro
Ts’ao Kung, Li Ch’uan, Meng Shih, Tu Yu, Tu Mu and Mei Yao-ch’en have notes to the effect that a general, though naturally stupid, may nevertheless conquer through sheer force of rapidity.
Traduções: WikDict, English to Portuguese (Wiktionary, CC-BY-SA) Pronúncia: ipa-dict (MIT), a partir do Wikcionário.
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