读《孙子兵法》前要掌握的40个英文单词
The Art of War
孙武在《孙子兵法》中反复使用、又不在英语最常用4000词之内的40个单词。先学会它们，前几章会读得轻松很多。每个单词都附有音标、释义和原书例句。
spy/ˈspaɪ/间谍, 侦探, 侦察书中出现59次
[Chang Yu relates the following anecdote of Kao Tsu, the first Han Emperor: “Wishing to crush the Hsiung-nu, he sent out spies to report on their condition.
retreat/ɹiˈtɹit/退书中出现35次
(1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey.
commentator/ˈkɑmənˌteɪtɝ/评论员, 实况广播员, 注释者书中出现32次
[The commentators, I think, make an unnecessary mystery of two words here.
rear/ˈɹɪɹ/后面, 背后, 后方书中出现26次
… one to meet the enemy in front, and one to fall upon his rear; if he replies to the frontal attack …
conquer/ˈkɑŋkɝ/克服, 征服, 战胜书中出现21次
The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer:—let such a one be retained in command!
chariot/ˈtʃɛɹiət/二轮战车书中出现20次
Sun Tzŭ said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers,
disposition/ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃən/性情, 处置, 处理书中出现19次
Tu Mu says: "It is through the dispositions of an army that its condition may be discovered.
sovereign/ˈsɑvɹən/元首, 独立国书中出现17次
(1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?
adversary/ˈædvɝˌsɛɹi/敌手, 对手书中出现17次
… quoted by Tu Yu, says that the good tactician plays with his adversary as a cat plays with a mouse, first feigning weakness and immobility …
drum/ˈdɹəm/鼓, 鼓声书中出现17次
… suddenly struck his colors, stopped the beating of the drums, and flung open the city gates …
warfare/ˈwɔɹˌfɛɹ/战争, 战斗, 交战书中出现16次
… "while the main laws of strategy can be stated clearly enough for the benefit of all and sundry, you must be guided by the actions of the enemy in attempting to secure a favourable position in actual warfare."
calculation/ˌkæɫkjəˈɫeɪʃən/计算, 考虑, 计算的结果书中出现16次
… commanding the cavalry, went to the Duke of Wellington in order to learn what his plans and calculations were for the morrow, because …
afterwards/ˈæftɝwɝdz/然后, 后来书中出现15次
Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.
defence/dɪˈfɛns/防卫, 防卫设备书中出现14次
[The "swift chariots" were lightly built and, according to Chang Yu, used for the attack; the "heavy chariots" were heavier, and designed for purposes of defence.
chap/ˈtʃæp/小伙子, 颌, 龟裂书中出现14次
["Chang Yu says: "the establishment of harmony and confidence between the higher and lower ranks before venturing into the field;" and he quotes a saying of Wu Tzŭ (chap.
ruler/ˈɹuɫɝ/统治者, 管理者, 尺书中出现14次
One might be tempted to render it by "morale," were it not considered as an attribute of the ruler in § 13.]
hostile/ˈhɑstəɫ/敌人的, 怀敌意的, 敌对的书中出现14次
… and he wins no reputation for wisdom; inasmuch as the hostile state submits before there has been any bloodshed, he receives no credit for courage."]
favourable有用的, 良好的, 赞成的书中出现13次
According as circumstances are favourable, one should modify one’s plans.
amongst/əˈməŋst/在...当中, 在...之间, 在...之中书中出现13次
… or provisions are too scanty, or the defenders are variance amongst themselves."]
crush/ˈkɹəʃ/压破, 征服, 塞书中出现13次
Feign disorder, and crush him.
supra/ˈsupɹə/在上；在前书中出现12次
See supra II.
indirect/ˌɪndɝˈɛkt/间接的, 非直截了当的, 不坦率的书中出现12次
To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy’s attack and remain unshaken—this is effected by manœuvers direct and indirect.
kingdom/ˈkɪŋdəm/王国, 领域书中出现11次
Therefore the skilful leader subdues the enemy’s troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.
skilful灵巧的, 熟练的, 制作精巧的书中出现10次
The skilful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-waggons loaded more than twice.
encamp/ɪnˈkæmp/扎营, 露营书中出现10次
if well supplied with food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.
ambush/ˈæmˌbʊʃ/埋伏, 伏兵, 伏击书中出现10次
Then, as night began to fall, he placed a strong body of archers in ambush near by, with orders to shoot directly if they saw a light.
stat/ˈstæt/国书中出现10次
We must not forget that Sun Tzŭ, in speaking of hostilities, always has in mind the numerous states or principalities into which the China of his day was split up.]
marsh/ˈmɑɹʃ/沼泽, 湿地书中出现10次
We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country—its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.
keen/ˈkin/锋利的, 敏锐的, 强烈的书中出现10次
… they must be used as rewards, so that all your men may have a keen desire to fight, each on his own account."]
penetrate/ˈpɛnəˌtɹeɪt/穿透, 刺穿, 渗透书中出现10次
… that the Chinese have succeeded in carrying out some of their most memorable and triumphant expeditions, such as that of Pan Ch’ao who penetrated to the Caspian, and in more recent years …
banner/ˈbænɝ/旗帜书中出现10次
Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and flags.
invade/ˌɪnˈveɪd/侵入, 拥入, 侵略书中出现10次
[Tu Mu says: "If the enemy is the invading party, we can cut his line of communications and occupy the roads by which he will have to return …
stratagem/ˈstɹætədʒəm/策略, 计谋书中出现9次
… which implies not an attitude of defence, whereby one might be content to foil the enemy’s stratagems one after another, but an active policy of counter-attack.
plunder/ˈpɫəndɝ/掠夺, 抢劫, 抢夺书中出现9次
In raiding and plundering be like fire,
hem/ˈhɛm/缝边, 包围, 关闭书中出现9次
The latter was obliged to draw off his troops, only to find himself hemmed in between two enemies, who were guarding each outlet of a narrow pass in which he had engaged himself.
dynasty/ˈdaɪnəsti/朝代, 王朝书中出现9次
The classical instance is Wu Wang, who after having put an end to the Yin dynasty was acclaimed "Father and mother of the people."]
envoy/ˈɑnvɔɪ/外交使节, 特使书中出现9次
This done, envoys were dispatched to the enemy’s camp to arrange terms of surrender, whereupon the Yen army began shouting for joy.
clever/ˈkɫɛvɝ/聪明的, 精明的书中出现9次
Ho Shih says: "Haste may be stupid, but at any rate it saves expenditure of energy and treasure; protracted operations may be very clever, but they bring calamity in their train."
exhaust/ɪɡˈzɔst/抽完, 用尽, 耗尽书中出现9次
If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength.
rapidity/ɹəˈpɪdəti/迅速, 急速, 速度书中出现8次
Ts’ao Kung, Li Ch’uan, Meng Shih, Tu Yu, Tu Mu and Mei Yao-ch’en have notes to the effect that a general, though naturally stupid, may nevertheless conquer through sheer force of rapidity.
释义：ECDICT, English to Chinese (MIT) 音标：ipa-dict（MIT），来自维基词典。
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