读《君主论》前要掌握的40个英文单词
The Prince
尼可罗·马基雅维利在《君主论》中反复使用、又不在英语最常用4000词之内的40个单词。先学会它们，前几章会读得轻松很多。每个单词都附有音标、释义和原书例句。
prince/ˈpɹɪns/王子, 亲王, 国君书中出现185次
Those who strive to obtain the good graces of a prince are accustomed to come before him with such things as they hold most precious, or in which they see him take most delight …
duke/ˈduk/公爵书中出现63次
Machiavelli never hesitates to cite the actions of the duke for the benefit of usurpers who wish to keep the states they have seized; he can …
principality/ˌpɹɪnsɪˈpæɫɪti/公国, 封色, 侯国书中出现44次
All states, all powers, that have held and hold rule over men have been and are either republics or principalities.
whilst/ˈwaɪɫst/当...的时候, 和...同时, 虽然书中出现38次
… their chief aim was to appear well dressed and to speak with wit and acuteness, whilst he who could wound others the most cleverly was thought the wisest.”
ruin/ˈɹuən/使毁灭, 毁坏, 使破产书中出现38次
Julius did not rest until he had ruined Cesare.
afterwards/ˈæftɝwɝdz/然后, 后来书中出现37次
… after acquiring rebellious provinces a second time, they are not so lightly lost afterwards, because the prince …
kingdom/ˈkɪŋdəm/王国, 领域书中出现33次
… members annexed to the hereditary state of the prince who has acquired them, as was the kingdom of Naples to that of the King of Spain.
infantry/ˈɪnfəntɹi/步兵, 步兵团书中出现32次
… which may be as keys to that state, for it is necessary either to do this or else to keep there a great number of cavalry and infantry.
favour/ˈfeɪvɝ/好感, 偏爱, 喜爱书中出现30次
Machiavelli, when commenting on this election, says that he who thinks new favours will cause great personages to forget old injuries deceives himself.
conquer/ˈkɑŋkɝ/克服, 征服, 战胜书中出现29次
Therefore, he who considers both of these states will recognize great difficulties in seizing the state of the Turk, but, once it is conquered, great ease in holding it.
stat/ˈstæt/国家书中出现28次
It is impossible to follow here the varying fortunes of the Italian states, which in 1507 were controlled by France …
valour英勇, 刚勇, 勇猛书中出现27次
Thus one year after he had committed this parricide, he was strangled, together with Vitellozzo, whom he had made his leader in valour and wickedness.
cavalry/ˈkævəɫɹi/骑兵书中出现25次
From the above I have excepted the Turk, who always keeps round him twelve thousand infantry and fifteen thousand cavalry on which depend the security and strength of the kingdom, and it is necessary that …
lord/ˈɫɔɹd/统治者, 阁下, 上帝书中出现22次
… the one, that the family of their former lord is extinguished; the other …
accustom/əˈkəstəm/使习惯于书中出现21次
Such dominions thus acquired are either accustomed to live under a prince, or to live in freedom …
emperor/ˈɛmpɝɝ/皇帝, 君主书中出现21次
… in order that they might hold the cities both for his security and his glory; as also were those emperors who, by the corruption of the soldiers …
cruelty/ˈkɹuəɫti/残酷, 野蛮, 残酷行为书中出现20次
… he desired to show that, if any cruelty had been practised, it had not originated with him …
compel/kəmˈpɛɫ/强迫, 迫使书中出现20次
… if not unmeaning: we are compelled to say that “Rome maintained friendly relations with the Ætolians,” etc., using four words to do the work of one.
fortress/ˈfɔɹtɹəs/城堡, 要塞书中出现19次
… “my lady of Forli” of The Prince, from whose conduct and fate he drew the moral that it is far better to earn the confidence of the people than to rely on fortresses.
hatred/ˈheɪtɹəd/憎恨, 仇恨, 憎恶书中出现19次
… all the subject states are drawn to him, moved by the hatred which they feel against the ruling power.
hostile/ˈhɑstəɫ/敌人的, 怀敌意的, 敌对的书中出现19次
Thus it happens that whenever those who are hostile have the opportunity to attack they do it like partisans, whilst the others defend lukewarmly …
mercenary/ˈmɝsəˌnɛɹi/唯利是图者, 雇佣兵书中出现18次
I say, therefore, that the arms with which a prince defends his state are either his own, or they are mercenaries, auxiliaries, or mixed.
greatness/ˈɡɹeɪtnəs/大, 巨大, 广大书中出现17次
His youth was concurrent with the greatness of Florence as an Italian power under the guidance of Lorenzo de’ Medici, Il Magnifico.
thee/ˈði/你书中出现16次
… I should have laboured less, and I should have left thee, if a smaller state …
honour/ˈɑnɝ/荣誉, 头衔, 信用书中出现15次
… take pains to study letters and music, for you see what honour is done to me for the little skill I have.
liberality/ˌɫɪˌbɝˈæɫəˌti/慷慨, 宽宏大量, 心胸宽大书中出现15次
… humanity, and liberality Scipio conformed to those things which have been written of Cyrus by Xenophon.
thou/ˈðaʊ/汝, 你, 尔书中出现15次
And in order that thou shouldst not only possess the estate which thy father left, but also that which my fortune and abilities have gained …
deceive/dɪˈsiv/欺骗, 行骗书中出现15次
… because those who had opened the gates to him, finding themselves deceived in their hopes of future benefit, would not endure the ill-treatment of the new prince.
faction/ˈfækʃən/小派系, 内讧书中出现15次
… according to their rank, honouring them with office and command in such a way that in a few months all attachment to the factions was destroyed and turned entirely to the duke.
ambition/æmˈbɪʃən/野心, 志向书中出现15次
Machiavelli’s public life was largely occupied with events arising out of the ambitions of Pope Alexander VI and his son, Cesare Borgia …
empire/ˈɛmpaɪɝ/帝国, 帝权书中出现15次
Then—to pass to a higher plane—Machiavelli reiterates that, although crimes may win an empire, they do not win glory.
glory/ˈɡɫɔɹi/光荣, 荣耀, 荣誉书中出现15次
… where princes were made by Darius, in order that they might hold the cities both for his security and his glory; as also were those emperors who …
reproach/ɹiˈpɹoʊtʃ/责备, 耻辱书中出现14次
And again, he need not make himself uneasy at incurring a reproach for those vices without which the state can only be saved with difficulty, for if everything is considered carefully …
offend/əˈfɛnd/犯罪, 冒犯, 违反书中出现14次
… being tasted less, they offend less; benefits ought to be given little by little …
faithful/ˈfeɪθfəɫ/忠实的, 详确的, 可靠的书中出现14次
… because having always kept faith I could not now learn how to break it; for he who has been faithful and honest, as I have …
dominion/dəˈmɪnjən/领土, 主权, 统治书中出现13次
… nor those of Pope Julius in ’10, unless he had been long established in his dominions.
conspiracy/kənˈspɪɹəsi/同谋, 阴谋, 阴谋集团书中出现13次
Shortly after this he was accused of complicity in an abortive conspiracy against the Medici, imprisoned, and put to the question by torture.
castle/ˈkæsəɫ/城堡, 象棋中的车书中出现12次
The castle of Milan, built by Francesco Sforza, has made, and will make, more trouble for the house of Sforza than any other disorder in the state.
foreigner/ˈfɑɹənɝ/外国人, 外地人书中出现12次
And the usual course of affairs is that, as soon as a powerful foreigner enters a country, all the subject states are drawn to him …
goodwill/ˈɡʊdˈwɪɫ/友好, 好意, 善意书中出现11次
For, although one may be very strong in armed forces, yet in entering a province one has always need of the goodwill of the natives.
释义：ECDICT, English to Chinese (MIT) 音标：ipa-dict（MIT），来自维基词典。
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