«Искусство войны»: 40 слов, которые стоит выучить перед чтением
The Art of War
40 слов из книги «Искусство войны» (Сунь-цзы): автор повторяет их снова и снова, а в 4000 самых частых слов английского они не входят. Выучите их заранее, и первые главы пойдут гораздо легче. У каждого слова есть транскрипция, перевод и предложение из книги.
spy/ˈspaɪ/шпион, агент, шпик59 раз в книге
[Chang Yu relates the following anecdote of Kao Tsu, the first Han Emperor: “Wishing to crush the Hsiung-nu, he sent out spies to report on their condition.
retreat/ɹiˈtɹit/отступать, отступить, ретироваться35 раз в книге
(1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey.
commentator/ˈkɑmənˌteɪtɝ/комментатор32 раза в книге
[The commentators, I think, make an unnecessary mystery of two words here.
rear/ˈɹɪɹ/тыл26 раз в книге
… one to meet the enemy in front, and one to fall upon his rear; if he replies to the frontal attack …
conquer/ˈkɑŋkɝ/завоёвывать, завоевать, победить21 раз в книге
The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer:—let such a one be retained in command!
chariot/ˈtʃɛɹiət/колесница20 раз в книге
Sun Tzŭ said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers,
disposition/ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃən/размещение, расположение, расстановка19 раз в книге
Tu Mu says: "It is through the dispositions of an army that its condition may be discovered.
sovereign/ˈsɑvɹən/суверен, владыка, властитель17 раз в книге
(1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?
adversary/ˈædvɝˌsɛɹi/соперник, неприятель, неприятельница17 раз в книге
… quoted by Tu Yu, says that the good tactician plays with his adversary as a cat plays with a mouse, first feigning weakness and immobility …
drum/ˈdɹəm/барабан, бубен17 раз в книге
… suddenly struck his colors, stopped the beating of the drums, and flung open the city gates …
warfare/ˈwɔɹˌfɛɹ/война16 раз в книге
… "while the main laws of strategy can be stated clearly enough for the benefit of all and sundry, you must be guided by the actions of the enemy in attempting to secure a favourable position in actual warfare."
calculation/ˌkæɫkjəˈɫeɪʃən/расчёт16 раз в книге
… commanding the cavalry, went to the Duke of Wellington in order to learn what his plans and calculations were for the morrow, because …
afterwards/ˈæftɝwɝdz/после, потом, впоследствии15 раз в книге
Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.
defence/dɪˈfɛns/защита14 раз в книге
[The "swift chariots" were lightly built and, according to Chang Yu, used for the attack; the "heavy chariots" were heavier, and designed for purposes of defence.
chap/ˈtʃæp/глава14 раз в книге
["Chang Yu says: "the establishment of harmony and confidence between the higher and lower ranks before venturing into the field;" and he quotes a saying of Wu Tzŭ (chap.
ruler/ˈɹuɫɝ/властелин, властитель, государь14 раз в книге
One might be tempted to render it by "morale," were it not considered as an attribute of the ruler in § 13.]
hostile/ˈhɑstəɫ/враждебный, вражеский, неприятельский14 раз в книге
… and he wins no reputation for wisdom; inasmuch as the hostile state submits before there has been any bloodshed, he receives no credit for courage."]
favourableблагоприятный, подходящий, удобный13 раз в книге
According as circumstances are favourable, one should modify one’s plans.
amongst/əˈməŋst/среди13 раз в книге
… or provisions are too scanty, or the defenders are variance amongst themselves."]
crush/ˈkɹəʃ/подавлять13 раз в книге
Feign disorder, and crush him.
supra/ˈsupɹə/выше, ранее12 раз в книге
See supra II.
indirect/ˌɪndɝˈɛkt/косвенный, непрямой12 раз в книге
To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy’s attack and remain unshaken—this is effected by manœuvers direct and indirect.
kingdom/ˈkɪŋdəm/королевство, царство11 раз в книге
Therefore the skilful leader subdues the enemy’s troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.
skilfulумелый10 раз в книге
The skilful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-waggons loaded more than twice.
encamp/ɪnˈkæmp/расположиться лагерем10 раз в книге
if well supplied with food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.
ambush/ˈæmˌbʊʃ/засада10 раз в книге
Then, as night began to fall, he placed a strong body of archers in ambush near by, with orders to shoot directly if they saw a light.
stat/ˈstæt/государство10 раз в книге
We must not forget that Sun Tzŭ, in speaking of hostilities, always has in mind the numerous states or principalities into which the China of his day was split up.]
marsh/ˈmɑɹʃ/болото10 раз в книге
We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country—its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.
keen/ˈkin/интенсивный, резкий, сильный10 раз в книге
… they must be used as rewards, so that all your men may have a keen desire to fight, each on his own account."]
penetrate/ˈpɛnəˌtɹeɪt/проникнуть, проникать10 раз в книге
… that the Chinese have succeeded in carrying out some of their most memorable and triumphant expeditions, such as that of Pan Ch’ao who penetrated to the Caspian, and in more recent years …
banner/ˈbænɝ/флаг, знамя, стяг10 раз в книге
Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and flags.
invade/ˌɪnˈveɪd/вторгнуться, вторгаться, напасть10 раз в книге
[Tu Mu says: "If the enemy is the invading party, we can cut his line of communications and occupy the roads by which he will have to return …
stratagem/ˈstɹætədʒəm/стратагема, уловка, ухищрение9 раз в книге
… which implies not an attitude of defence, whereby one might be content to foil the enemy’s stratagems one after another, but an active policy of counter-attack.
plunder/ˈpɫəndɝ/грабить9 раз в книге
In raiding and plundering be like fire,
hem/ˈhɛm/окружён9 раз в книге
The latter was obliged to draw off his troops, only to find himself hemmed in between two enemies, who were guarding each outlet of a narrow pass in which he had engaged himself.
dynasty/ˈdaɪnəsti/династия9 раз в книге
The classical instance is Wu Wang, who after having put an end to the Yin dynasty was acclaimed "Father and mother of the people."]
envoy/ˈɑnvɔɪ/посланец, посланник9 раз в книге
This done, envoys were dispatched to the enemy’s camp to arrange terms of surrender, whereupon the Yen army began shouting for joy.
clever/ˈkɫɛvɝ/умный, изобретательный, искусный9 раз в книге
Ho Shih says: "Haste may be stupid, but at any rate it saves expenditure of energy and treasure; protracted operations may be very clever, but they bring calamity in their train."
exhaust/ɪɡˈzɔst/истощать, истощить9 раз в книге
If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength.
rapidity/ɹəˈpɪdəti/быстрота, скорость8 раз в книге
Ts’ao Kung, Li Ch’uan, Meng Shih, Tu Yu, Tu Mu and Mei Yao-ch’en have notes to the effect that a general, though naturally stupid, may nevertheless conquer through sheer force of rapidity.
Переводы: WikDict, English to Russian (Wiktionary, CC-BY-SA), with the Mueller dictionary for words it lacks Транскрипция: ipa-dict (MIT), по данным Викисловаря.
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